“Which means I'm gonna kill you, chop off your heads,
and piss down your necks!” – Tony Alpert[1]
To
what extent do contemporary video game texts such as "Battlefield
Hardline" represent violence in a more explicit manner and should we be
concerned?
Battlefield
Hardline is the Cops v Robbers first person shooter that was developed by
Visceral and published by EA. This would be Visceral’s first attempt at
creating a battlefield game as they are generally known for the Dead Space
series and this would be considered a theme shift considering that “Dead Space”
is known as a third-person horror shooter. Although it was not as well received
as its predecessor Battlefield 4 which was developed by DICE, EA was still
happy with the sales that Battlefield Hardline had. This could be due to the
fact that it was leading the sales for video games in March 2015[2].
However it is not just home consoles as worldwide game industry hits $91
billion in revenues in 2016, with mobile the clear leader[3]
as many people would own a smartphone and so this market would be dominated by
the mainstream market. This essay will cover the violence that an audience is
exposed to when playing violent video games such as the Battlefield franchise
and depict whether or not the violence is being presented in a more explicit
manner and whether the audience should be concerned. The main topic that will
be explored is the moral panics that these games generate. To enforce this idea
“children said 17 years ago “war is shit”[4].
This could highlight the desensitisation that an audience would have towards
their exposure to violent content. However, this opinion with children has
changed over time as “children enjoying killing”[5]
in the modern day.
To begin looking
into changes of view, the first topic that will be covered is the first moral
panic that was centred on violence which had made video games appears in
negative light with many news outlets reporting this moral panic. Death Race
was the video game adaptation of the film Death Race 2000 starring Sylvester
Stallone. This arcade variation of the film sees the player use their vehicle
to road kill what was supposed to be gremlins. During this time it was
considered very controversial for games to make the player kill human like
targets. So therefore during this time it would be games like Doom that would
put the player in hell and making them take on hellish creatures which would
justify why the player is killing them. However in Death Race, the game was
controversial because the enemy targets that were meant to be gremlins end up
looking very familiar to humans. As well as Death Race, another video game that
had ended up stirring controversy in the news was Mortal Kombat. Although in
the present day it is known for its brutality with the gory graphics of
fighters finishing their opponents in very unusual ways such as ripping their
spine out, this content at the time was considered very mature. And it is
mainly because of this title being a home console version of game that video
games would introduce an age rating with the ESRB being their main use for
rating games. As said with "Age classification originating from the home
console distribution of Mortal Kombat"[6].
This would be due to the increase in popularity that home consoles had and
their accessibility as from $250 million to an amazing $4.7 billion in this
industry[7].
On the contrary the ESRB did not prevent the video game controversy as another
title that was banned in certain areas of the world due to its explicit manor
was Manhunt back in 2003.
However, the current
day of video games would present violence but not as violent as Manhunt. The
text that will be analysed would be Battlefield Hardline. This is the video
game that would have gun violence as its centre stage for showcasing its sense
of entertainment to the audience. The first section of the game that would be
discussed is the campaign or story mode. This would follow the narrative of
Nick Mendoza that the players take the first person perspective view of
controlling him. The game and its genre
show that the gun is the most prominent choice of entertainment throughout the
whole game.
The first time
that the players get to control their characters they are already wielding and
pointing guns at suspects which can suggest that the game’s intent way of
playing the game shows that firearms are acceptable. However could this mean
that the audience would already be influenced to go and purchase a gun from a
store? This point can already be disagreed with the fact that “Violent juvenile
crime in the US reached a peak in 1993 and has declined ever since”[8].
This decline in crime could suggest that this can be seen as a new form of
escapism in modern day. The camera shots that are present in the game would
also take inspiration from “other crime dramas”[9]
which would explain the criticism that would come from the lack of creativity
or uniqueness in the way that shots are composed and how each mission would be
called Episodes which can present how there would be some form of familiarity.
This would factor into the sense of nostalgia for games that would try and
deliver the message that the story of the campaign would not be one of the main
aspects of the game.
Going in depth
for an example would be the concluding point in the campaign. This is scene is an
important part in the conclusion to the Hardline Story Mode. This would be
because it would present Nick Mendoza in a state of power against the Captain
Dawes. This would be important because of the trust in power that was
represented in the game that shows a corrupt police force that had put Nick
Mendoza in prison in the first place. This would be important to the story
because it would also present a change of character as Nick Mendoza has grown
to become cold hearted rather than the morally right character he was once seen
as during the beginning of the story.
Regulation and
censorship would be a debate that revolved around this final scene because it
features the glorification of Captain Dawes Death. This would link with the
investigation since the scene of his death tends to be off camera shots if this
game had a lower age rating. However since the game is rated with a PEGI 18,
then this means that this violence would be seen as normal or considered what
is a part of an 18 game since a majority of 18 games that are among the genre
of FPS games would generally emphasise on violence. As well as those video games that would also
highlight this sort of content tends to be regulated by stores. This does
spring up whether a younger audience can or cannot view this scene. This would
be because of how frequent the releases are of FPS games that it might consider
that the audience are desensitised to the content which could suggest the
medium shot of Captain Dawes' dead body. As well as that there is also use of a
close up upon shot once Nick Fires the gun which could also present how
firearms would make it seem like a weapon that highlights power. This could be
due to their tolerance in violent content as “the participants who played the
violent video game were far more tolerant of criminal violence”[10].
This may not
have as big of an impact as traumatising since players generally play
Battlefield Hardline for the Multiplayer. This could highlight the effects that
this would have as players may spend hours of playtime to compete and feel a
sense of achievement as they rank up. However this violence is not rewarded in
the Multiplayer as the Story Mode would reward players for arresting warrants
to rank them up suggesting that killing is not a rewarding way. This does end
up going against previous instalments that would reward players for killing
enemies. However since this is the only Cops V Robbers themed game in the
franchise, it could be excused. Another media effect that it may have would be
desensitisation[11]
which is a recurring theme that is present in a majority of the game.
One of the main
theories that would always be negated by this would be the hypodermic syringe
model[12].
This model would suggest that players would become more aggressively violent
and become killers after playing shooters such as Hardline. This would be
because this game could offer a sense of escapism as it links with Uses and
Gratification[13].
This would be because they get to play through chaotic battles that would also
present how they play. As well as that there is also the addition of the
desensitisation theory[14]
which would make the audience not have an emotional reaction upon exposure to
violent content which would mean that the audience of these video games would
be impacted on an emotional scale since they would be repeatedly exposed to
violence through consistent matches. This would be because the players would be
placed in one hour matches with killing as one of the methods of competing to
win the game. This would be because of how “their participation in violent acts
in a virtual environment has no bearing on the ‘real world’ as they aren’t
violent people”[15]
This is scene is
an important part in the conclusion to the Hardline Story Mode. This would be
because it would present Nick Mendoza in a state of power against the Captain
Dawes. This would be important because of the trust in power that was
represented in the game that shows a corrupt police force that had put Nick
Mendoza in prison in the first place. This would be important to the story
because it would also present a change of character as Nick Mendoza has grown
to become cold hearted rather than the morally right character he was once seen
as during the beginning of the story. Regulation and censorship is something
that a majority of video games would go through considering that it is
presenting violence as the selling point of the game. This would be a debate
that would revolve around this final scene because it features the
glorification of Captain Dawes Death. This would link with the investigation
since the scene of his death tends to be off camera shots if this game had a
lower age rating. However since the game is rated with a PEGI 18, then this
means that this violence would be seen as normal or considered what is a part of
an 18 game since a majority of 18 games that are among the genre of FPS games
would generally emphasise on violence. With this, they show the shots of Dawes
from a medium shot presenting a bloodied and dead character with this
highlighting the end result for all the action. As well as that, video games
that would also highlight this sort of content tends to be regulated by stores.
This does spring up whether a younger audience can view this scene or not. This
would be because of how frequent the releases are of FPS games that it might
consider that the audience are desensitised to the content which could suggest
the medium shot of Captain Dawes' dead body. As well as that there is also use
of a close up upon shot once Nick Fires the gun which could also present how
firearms would make it seem like a weapon that highlights power as well as
something that can be seen as an area of entertainment.
This may not
have as big of an impact as traumatising since players generally play
Battlefield Hardline for the Multiplayer. This could highlight the effects that
this would have as players may spend hours of playtime to compete and feel a
sense of achievement as they rank up since there is that feeling of ranking up.
However this violence is not rewarded in the Multiplayer as the Story Mode
would reward players for arresting warrants to rank them up suggesting that killing
is not a rewarding method. This does end up going against previous instalments
that would reward players for killing enemies. However since this is the only
Cops V Robbers themed game in the franchise, it could be excused.
One of the main
theories that would always be negated by this would be the hypodermic syringe
model[16].
This model would suggest that players would become more aggressively violent
and become killers after playing shooters such as Hardline. This would be
because this game could offer a sense of escapism. As well as that the theory
of catharsis which would suggest that people or in this case players physically
present violence as a means to release stress as there is still a common belief
that playing violent video games or watching violent TV and films allows people
to “vent” their aggression and therefore behave less aggressively”[17]
This behaviour is quite common with those that would be exposed to violent
content however it hasn’t exaggerated to the extent that it suggests what the
moral panic thinks. This would be because of examples such as “mind numbing
video games and gruesome Hollywood movies that dangerously desensitises those
who struggle with mental health challenges”[18].
This would be because they get to play
through chaotic battles that would also present how they play.
The promotional
material that would mainly highlight the multiplayer aspect that which is the
main game mode that the audience of this game would play as it would give
players to play the games as they would like to compare to following a linear
story which has a fixated path. As well as what the game would connote, the
ideologies that are present in this game would show off redemption with the
character of Nick Mendoza and highlights that violence can be used as a mean to
end the problem. Violence would not be considered a problem solver towards real
life as it would think to cause more problems. However the campaign highlights
the rewarding aspects of gunning your way down to the end of the problem
highlighting that violence would be a means of both entertainment and journey
for the protagonist.
This would mainly be because the conclusion of
the story presents the protagonist with a questionable ending as to whether he
takes the gold vault or not. This would play with the morality of the game as
it would show an ex-police officer as he goes out his way to try and gain
vengeance for putting him down to imprisonment. This would appear to present
the Marxist view of the elite class taking in the role of a supreme or high
status. However this is contradicted as the protagonist would be willing to
break into the house of a rich criminal. This would be set after he broke out
of the Prison Bus and is labelled a fugitive who has to go hiding. The fact
that the game embraces this sense of excitement with the characters as they
would go through action set pieces of shooting galleries can show that the
audience are exposed to violence. However the first person shooter genre is
known for its audience of young players this quote would say that “The fact is
that media violence primes children to see killing as acceptable”[19].
This would therefore be applied to Battlefield Hardline since it would present
how people would be desensitised to the violence that it presented in video
games. Battlefield Hardline belongs to
the First Person Shooter genre. This would be emphasised with the sense
iconography of the handgun being presented with the front cover character
holding it. In this case it would highlight the action that players would be
going into. As well as that it will also include the gameplay trailers that had
highlighted the genre further with the players seen as killing each other in
close quarters combat. Especially considering that there would also be another
known attribute towards the fact that “Violent video games increase aggressive
thoughts and behaviour”[20].
This quote could highlight how this genre may have a negative impact on an
audience. The representation of violence in this game would present in in a
partially glorified manner. This would not glorify the violence to the extent
that both Manhunt and Mortal Kombat since these two games had stirred
controversy. However that is not to say that this game would also have
controversy with representation. Battlefield Hardline has also had some
controversy with its theme of Cops v Robbers. This binary opposition[21] being used as the selling point of the game. Portraying
the game on a theme like that would present to the audience that they would have
had to make sure that it would still sell and be successful as well as make
both sides enjoyable to play as.
However since
the time of promoting “Hardline and the Ferguson Shooting”[22]
was very close, this would mean that there would be some complication with the
sales of the game. This would present how the genre can gain some sense of
controversy. However this did not entirely stop the success as a report from
GameSpot had reported that “EA is "Very Happy" With Battlefield
Hardline Sales”[23].
This could present that the audience are in fact desensitised to the violence
that is present in the real world. The audience of this game would mainly
consist of a male dominated population of players that would mainly play the
game for action that is within the game. This would be because of the fact that
“The top 5 selling games in the UK in 2013 are further proof that this trend is
global, with 4 of the top 5 being from the action and/or shooter genre”[24].
In this case it would also highlight how there is a potential for violent
content to be desensitised for a mass majority of others that could highlight
the interest in the market being dominated by sales of the action genre.
Although this list was constructed back at 2013, it can still be argued that
the violent games that have been featured above that can suggest how the
audience would much prefer to engage in violent content by controlling their
character to do it which can introduce a form of escapism for the audience that
would let them do violent acts without the consequences.
This can
heighten how these games change over time reflecting the zeitgeist for the
modern age of violent video games. In this contrary to the controversy of
roadkill in Death Race in which the action was considered very gruesome with
human like people being run over by the player, Hardline rewards the player for
killing enemies. There is a bonus 20 points for killing the enemy by running
them over. This can present the change in the judgement of videogames further
as it would highlight the potential for the games to become more gruesome but
not to the extent that Manhunt has done Since "2003 game Manhunt presented
controversy for the due to its level of graphic violence"[25].
Other games that
have been considered alongside Battlefield Hardline would be games such as the
Call of Duty franchise. This franchise had had a earned $360 million on the
first day of the release of Black Ops[26].
This would be due to their “attention to the spectacle and magnitude of
industrialized warfare”[27]
This would be Battlefield’s main competitor and even they have had
controversial backlash surrounding their games. In this case it would be in
Call of Duty’s No Russian Mission from “Modern Warfare 2”. This had put the
player into the perspective of an undercover agent performing a terror attack.
The controversial part would be that the Daily Mail had highlighted, put the
player in the “perspective of killing innocent lives”[28].
This would present the negative setbacks of what the game would have resulting
in the big controversies around the media and the gaming industry. Media
outlets had seen this as an outrage even though gamers are aware that this
mission can be skipped presenting the fact that Infinity Ward, the developers
of Modern Warfare 2, understood the negative backlash that would come for this
game. The negativity in the video game industry has still got that sense of
negative criticism the games even if they would have an association to violence.
This would go to the point that “Should developers of these video games start
thinking of more ways to entertain their players than through violent themes”[29]
In this case outlets such as The Guardian
have given a concerning view of the recent Battlefield game “Battlefield 1”. In this it has said that the game would not
show the ugly side of war but rather “a game set in the Great War will
necessarily whitewash the horrors of trench warfare”[30].
However since this was set prior to the release of the game they have later
changed their mind and over time accepted what Battlefield 1 has become[31].
In this case it has praised Battlefield 1 for what it was.
In conclusion an
audience that doesn’t play violent video games should not be very worried with
what a gamer would play. This would mainly be because these games would serve
as a way for people to live out their violent fantasies. Since there is no link
between violent video games and violent behaviour, although he acknowledged
that “it is difficult to prove a link in an experimental setting"[32].
This could suggest that there is not truly a way to prove that games would turn
people into killers. In that sense there would be millions of players[33]
committing crimes to this day if the statement is true. This however is not the
case. This would further reinforce that video games are just another platform
of entertainment and not a gateway towards a more violent lifestyle. Video
games get a lot of controversy over the same accusations that films may get but
games would be it worse only because a player controls the action of the
character that they play as. As an ending statement the only thing that would
need to be said is that video games are for entertainment. An audience should
not be concerned because games get more violent but rather concerned about
themselves considering they purchased the copy of the recent violent video
game. It is the responsibility of the player to not behave in a violent matter.
Although it can be argued that it has made players desensitised, it still should
not be something to be concerned about but rather embraced. People do not see
the harm of violent content on TV and Film, then why should games not be
excused of the same thing.
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@paultamburro
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Page 16 Play, Pleasure, Panics - regarding the effects of video games and
how an audience intends on using it.
[1] Alpert,
T Battlefield Hardline
[2]
Battlefield Hardline takes arresting lead in UK sales charts - http://metro.co.uk/2015/03/23/battlefield-hardline-takes-arresting-lead-in-uk-sales-charts-5116403/
[3] Takahashi,
D. (2016) - from https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/21/worldwide-game-industry-hits-91-billion-in-revenues-in-2016-with-mobile-the-clear-leader/
[5] Ibid p. 28.
[6] Ibid p. 129.
[7] Markey,
P. M., & Ferguson, C. J. (2017) p.103
[9] Vargas
J, (2015) Battlefield Hardline Angry Review - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztZDVr3mZzg
[10] Gunter,
B. (2016) p. 156
[11]
Edwards, M. (2003) p. 159
[12]
Lowery, S. (1995) p.400
[13] Fourie,
P. J. (2001). p.297
[14] Gentile,
D. A. (2014). p.335
[15] Ferguson,
C. J. (2007). p. 184
[16] Fourie,
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